![]() ![]() ![]() It should be noted that the SMD method does not correct for differences in the direction of the scale. ![]() The particular definition of standardized mean difference used in Cochrane reviews is the effect size known in social science as Hedges’ (adjusted) g. It is recommended that the term ‘standardized mean difference’ be used in Cochrane reviews in preference to ‘effect size’ to avoid confusion with the more general medical use of the latter term as a synonym for ‘intervention effect’ or ‘effect estimate’. Effect sizes typically, though not always, refer to versions of the standardized mean difference. The term ‘effect size’ is frequently used in the social sciences, particularly in the context of meta-analysis. The overall intervention effect can also be difficult to interpret as it is reported in units of standard deviation rather than in units of any of the measurement scales used in the review, but in some circumstances it is possible to transform the effect back to the units used in a specific study (see Chapter 12, Section 12.6). For example, where pragmatic and explanatory trials are combined in the same review, pragmatic trials may include a wider range of participants and may consequently have higher standard deviations. This assumption may be problematic in some circumstances where we expect real differences in variability between the participants in different studies. However, the method assumes that the differences in standard deviations among studies reflect differences in measurement scales and not real differences in variability among study populations. Thus studies for which the difference in means is the same proportion of the standard deviation will have the same SMD, regardless of the actual scales used to make the measurements. (Again in reality the intervention effect is a difference in means and not a mean of differences.): The standardized mean difference expresses the size of the intervention effect in each study relative to the variability observed in that study. In this circumstance it is necessary to standardize the results of the studies to a uniform scale before they can be combined. The standardized mean difference is used as a summary statistic in meta-analysis when the studies all assess the same outcome but measure it in a variety of ways (for example, all studies measure depression but they use different psychometric scales). For the current version, please go to /handbook/current or search for this chapter here. I've compiled some synonyms you can use instead of Ensure on your resume.This is an archived version of the Handbook. Using different words to describe something makes your resume more engaging and interesting, which helps you stand out from other applicants. If you find yourself using 'ensure' more than once, try replacing the word with synonyms, such as 'assured,' 'outpaced,' 'propelled,' or 'magnified.' Avoid overusing the same words in your resume by using synonyms. Your goal with a resume is to convey your credentials in an engaging way. While this word has many positive connotations, when used too often on your bullet points, it loses its impact. The word 'ensure' is a strong one-it indicates that you have the capacity to make sure that something happens. You're someone who is confident in your ability to make sure something is done correctly and efficiently, and it shows that you know how to be proactive in your approach to a task. Hiring managers like to see the word 'ensure' in your resume because it indicates that you are a go-getter and a leader-and they can trust that you will do what needs to be done for things to run smoothly. ![]()
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